〜かどうか: How to Say 'Whether or Not' in Japanese

N4guideUpdated 2026-07-18

A yes/no question, tucked inside a sentence

〜かどうか lets you tuck a yes/no question inside a larger sentence. In English we say "whether," "whether or not," or "if": I don't know whether he'll come. The Japanese works the same way — you build the little question, then end it with かどうか and follow with a verb like 分かる (know), 知らない (don't know), 確認する (check), or 教える (tell).

The か is the question particle you already know, and どうか literally adds a "...or how / or not" feel. Together they signal that the answer could be yes or no.

ヤッタンが来るかどうか分かりません。

ヤッタンが くるか どうか わかりません。

I don't know whether or not Yattan is coming.

この答えが正しいかどうか確認します。

この こたえが ただしいか どうか かくにんします。

I'll check whether this answer is correct.

先生はモチがテストに合格したかどうか知っています。

せんせいは モチが テストに ごうかくしたか どうか しっています。

The teacher knows whether Mochi passed the test.

Plain form — and the だ that disappears

Put the word right before かどうか into its plain form. The one thing to watch is nouns and な-adjectives: you drop the だ and attach かどうか directly.

Word typePlain form+ かどうか
Verb来る / 来た来るかどうか / 来たかどうか
い-adjective正しい / 高い正しいかどうか / 高いかどうか
な-adjective元気だ → 元気元気かどうか
Noun学生だ → 学生学生かどうか

For nouns and な-adjectives, never leave the だ in: it's 本当かどうか (✓), not 本当だかどうか (✗). い-adjectives never take だ either, so it stays 正しいかどうか (✓), never 正しいだかどうか (✗).

It always leans on a main verb

かどうか almost never stands alone. It points forward to a main verb that "consumes" the embedded question — leave that verb off and 来るかどうか just hangs there, unfinished:

ヤッタンの弟が日本語を話せるかどうか知りたいです。

ヤッタンの おとうとが にほんごを はなせるか どうか しりたいです。

I want to know whether Yattan's brother can speak Japanese.

それが本当かどうか教えてください。

それが ほんとうか どうか おしえて ください。

Please tell me whether or not that's true.

モチは明日が休みかどうか覚えていません。

モチは あしたが やすみか どうか おぼえて いません。

Mochi doesn't remember whether tomorrow is a day off.

You can also drop the どうか and use just か when the context is clearly yes/no — 来る分からない is fine — but かどうか sounds clearer and is the safer choice on the test.

Yes/no or a question word? かどうか vs plain か

Here's the distinction that matters most. Use かどうか for yes/no questions, and 〜か (no どうか) when the embedded question already has a question word like どこ, 何, 誰, or いつ.

FormCore ideaExample
〜かどうかyes/no question (whether or not)来るかどうか分からない = I don't know whether he'll come
question word + かwh-question (where / what / who…)どこに行くか分からない = I don't know where he's going

The test: does the hidden question have a "yes/no" answer, or does it need information? Whether he'll come → かどうか. Where he'll go → どこに行くか. You wouldn't say どこに行くかどうか — the question word already shows it isn't yes/no.

ヤッタンは何を買うか決めていません。

ヤッタンは なにを かうか きめて いません。

Yattan hasn't decided what to buy.

何 (what) → use か alone, not かどうか.

モチが来るかどうかまだ分かりません。

モチが くるか どうか まだ わかりません。

We still don't know whether or not Mochi is coming.

Yes/no → かどうか.

The basic question particle is the building block for both patterns, so it's worth a quick review if either feels shaky.

Three slips to check for

  1. A だ hiding before かどうか. Drop it on nouns and な-adjectives: 学生かどうか (✓), 元気かどうか (✓) — never 学生だかどうか. い-adjectives never take だ to begin with, so 正しいかどうか (✓), not 正しいだかどうか (✗).
  2. どうか stuck onto a wh-question. A question word already fixes the answer as open, so use plain か: どこに行く (✓), not どこに行くかどうか (✗).
  3. A dangling embedded question. かどうか needs a verb like 分かる, 確認する, or 教える to land on; 来るかどうか on its own is unfinished.

In short

Practice it

Choose between 〜かどうか and question-word + か.

Question 1 / 3 · Score 0

___に入れるのに最もよいものを選びなさい。

Choose the grammar pattern that best completes the sentence.

彼が来る___分かりません。

Frequently asked questions

What's the difference between かどうか and just か?

Use かどうか for yes/no questions (whether or not): 来るかどうか分からない. Use plain か when the embedded question has a question word like どこ or 何: どこに行くか分からない. The question word already shows it isn't a yes/no question, so どうか isn't needed.

Do I drop だ before かどうか?

Yes. For nouns and な-adjectives, drop the だ and attach directly: 学生かどうか, 本当かどうか, 元気かどうか. Verbs and い-adjectives stay in their plain form: 来るかどうか, 正しいかどうか.

Can I just use か instead of かどうか?

Often yes — 来るか分からない is grammatical. But かどうか makes the yes/no meaning explicit and sounds clearer, so it's the safer choice in writing and on the JLPT.

What verbs usually follow かどうか?

Verbs of knowing, checking, or telling: 分かる (know), 知らない (don't know), 確認する (check), 覚える (remember), 教える (tell), 決める (decide). かどうか sets up the question and these verbs resolve it.

By the Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-07-18

This guide is built on Yatta's own Japanese-grammar ontology and our analysis of every JLPT written question type — not scraped or auto-summarised. How we build our content & sources →

Where 〜かどうか fits

Don't confuse it with

  • か Particle · N5The particle か turns a statement into a question (〜ですか), means 'or' between nouns (AかB), and makes question words indefinite: だれか someone, なにか something, どこか somewhere.

Once this clicks, go on to

  • 〜と思う · N5〜と思う lets you say what you think: [plain form] + と思う. Learn the quotative と, why the clause stays plain, the 〜ようと思う 'I'm thinking of doing' use, and 〜と思っている.

More N4 grammar to explore

Keep going with related patterns at the same level:

  • かな・かしら・かいかな means 'I wonder' (to yourself), かしら is its softer, traditionally feminine twin, and かい is a friendly casual yes/no question. Learn the nuances, register, and 〜ないかな ('I hope…').
  • 〜方Add 方 (かた) to a verb's ます-stem to make a noun meaning 'how to do' or 'the way of doing': 作り方 (how to make), 使い方 (how to use), 読み方 (reading).
  • 〜ことになる〜ことになる means a decision was made by circumstances or others: 転勤することになった. Learn the formation, the modest 'it turns out' nuance, and 〜ことになっている for rules.
  • 〜ことにする〜ことにする expresses a decision you make by your own will: 毎日運動することにした ('I've decided to exercise every day'). Learn the formation, the negative, and the habit form ことにしている.
  • 急に急に means 'suddenly' or 'abruptly' and works as an adverb before a verb: 急に雨が降ってきた. Learn 急に vs 急な (adjective) and how it differs from 突然.
  • 〜やすい・〜にくいAdd やすい or にくい to a verb ます-stem to say something is easy or hard to do: 読みやすい (easy to read), 食べにくい (hard to eat). They become い-adjectives and conjugate.