Past Tense (た-form): The Plain Past in Japanese

N5guideUpdated 2026-07-18

Building it, group by group

Here's the shortcut: the た-form uses the same sound changes as the て-form — just replace the final て with た, and で with だ. If you can already build the て-form, this table holds no surprises.

GroupRuleDictionary formた-form
る-verbsdrop る, add た食べる (eat)食べた
う・つ・る→った行く is irregular; 待つ (wait)待った
→いた書く (write)書いた
→いだ泳ぐ (swim)泳いだ
む・ぬ・ぶ→んだ飲む (drink)飲んだ
→した話す (speak)話した
Irregular: 行く→行った行く (go)行った
Irregular: する→したする (do)した
Irregular: 来る→来た来る (come)来た (きた)

Run the groups in real sentences and the pattern locks in fast:

先生は教室で待った。

せんせいは きょうしつで まった。

The teacher waited in the classroom.

モチは手紙を書いた。

モチは てがみを かいた。

Mochi wrote a letter.

ヤッタンは川で泳いだ。

ヤッタンは かわで およいだ。

Yattan swam in the river.

弟はもう薬を飲んだ。

おとうとは もう くすりを のんだ。

Yattan's brother already took his medicine.

もう = already.

What the た-form lets you say

At its core, the た-form is how you say something happened in the past ("did," "ate," "went") in plain, casual Japanese. It's the everyday-speech equivalent of the polite 〜ました ending.

ヤッタンはケーキを食べた。

ヤッタンは ケーキを たべた。

Yattan ate the cake.

きのうモチと公園へ行った。

きのう モチと こうえんへ いった。

Yesterday I went to the park with Mochi.

Verbs aren't the only words with a past form. い-adjectives drop い and add かった:

きのうのテストは高かった。

きのうの テストは たかかった。

Yesterday's test scores were high.

For nouns and な-adjectives, the plain past is だった (the casual version of でした):

子どものころ、ヤッタンは元気だった。

こどもの ころ、ヤッタンは げんきだった。

As a child, Yattan was healthy and lively.

And because the た-form is a building block, not just a tense, learning it well pays off far beyond the past. Once you have it, several N5 patterns open up:

The conjugation traps

Most た-form errors come from the sound changes, not the meaning. Watch these:

  1. Mixing up the endings. む・ぬ・ぶ verbs become んだ, not んた: 飲む → 飲ん (✓), not 飲んた.
  2. Saying 行いた. 行く is irregular — by its く ending you'd expect 行いた, but the past is 行った, the same exception it has in the て-form (行って). It's the one verb to memorize separately.
  3. Forgetting adjectives change too. "Was expensive" is 高かった, not 高いだった.
  4. Using です/でした with the plain form. The casual past is た by itself (食べた); adding です makes 食べたです, which sounds off — say 食べました instead.

In use: casual and polite side by side

The た-form and 〜ました mean the same thing — only the politeness differs. Use 〜ました with people you'd speak formally to; use the plain た-form with friends, family, and in casual writing.

モチは昼ごはんを食べた。

モチは ひるごはんを たべた。

Mochi ate lunch.

Casual — same as 食べました.

ヤッタンは先生に手紙を書きました。

ヤッタンは せんせいに てがみを かきました。

Yattan wrote a letter to the teacher.

Polite version of 書いた.

The short version

Practice it

Change each verb into its plain past た-form.

Question 1 / 5 · Score 0

___に入れるのに最もよいものを選びなさい。

Choose the grammar pattern that best completes the sentence.

先生は教室で___。

Frequently asked questions

How is the た-form different from the て-form?

They use the identical sound changes — only the final letter differs. The て-form ends in て/で (a connector meaning 'and' or used in requests), while the た-form ends in た/だ and means the plain past 'did.' If you know 飲んで, you know 飲んだ.

What's the difference between た and ました?

Both are past tense and mean the same thing. た is plain/casual (食べた); ました is polite (食べました). Choose based on who you're speaking to.

Why is 行く irregular in the past?

By its く ending you'd expect 行いた, but 行く becomes 行った — the same exception it has in the て-form (行って). It's the one verb to memorize separately.

How do I make adjectives past tense?

い-adjectives drop い and add かった: 高い → 高かった. Nouns and な-adjectives add だった: 学生だった ('was a student'). The polite versions are 高かったです and でした.

By the Editorial Team · Last updated 2026-07-18

This guide is built on Yatta's own Japanese-grammar ontology and our analysis of every JLPT written question type — not scraped or auto-summarised. How we build our content & sources →

Where Past Tense fits

Don't confuse it with

  • 〜ます · N5〜ます is the polite verb ending. Learn ます (non-past), ません (negative), ました (past), and ませんでした (past negative), how to build the stem, and when to be polite.
  • The て-form · N5The て-form is the gateway to dozens of Japanese grammar patterns. Learn the conjugation rules for every verb group, the famous song trick, and see clear examples.

Once this clicks, go on to

  • 〜たことがある · N5〜たことがある means you have done something before — 日本に行ったことがある. Learn the past-form formation, the negative 〜たことがない (have never), and how it differs from the plain past.
  • 〜たり〜たり · N5〜たり〜たり lists representative actions ('doing things like A and B'). Learn the formation from the た-form, the する at the end, and how it differs from plain て-form listing.
  • 〜ほうがいい · N5〜ほうがいい gives advice: use the past (た) form for 'you should do X' (休んだほうがいい) and the ない-form for 'you'd better not' (行かないほうがいい). Learn the forms and nuance.

More N5 grammar to explore

Keep going with related patterns at the same level:

  • 〜てみてください〜てみる means to do something and see how it goes (try it out). Add ください for 〜てみてください — a friendly 'please give it a try.' Learn the form, conjugations, and casual 〜てみて.
  • 〜と一緒に〜と一緒に means doing something 'together with' someone: 家族と一緒に旅行する. Learn the pattern, why と marks the companion, when 一緒に stands alone, and how it differs from plain と.
  • 〜と思う〜と思う lets you say what you think: [plain form] + と思う. Learn the quotative と, why the clause stays plain, the 〜ようと思う 'I'm thinking of doing' use, and 〜と思っている.
  • 〜ときとき(時) means 'when' in Japanese: attach plain form + とき. Learn noun+の, な-adj+な, plain verbs, and the key 行くとき vs 行ったとき tense difference.
  • The particle で marks where an action happens, the means or tool you use, the material, the cause, and the scope of a superlative. Learn each use and how で differs from に.